Traditionally, music industry was leading by large international music corporations (e.g. Sony-EMI, Universal) which released CDs, operated concerts and broadcasted music video on TV to promote the singers and bands. However under the influence of technological advancement, music and songs were digitalized, CD sales declined, online music platforms released and thus the business practice changed.
In this paper, I will focus on how TV singing show helps to generate demand and evaluate its effectiveness.
What is TV Singing Show?
“TV singing show” literally meant “a TV programme which is about singing”; usually the programme is recording a competition of a group of people fighting against each other for the prize. But why the word “show” is used here, not “competition”? Someone may argue that the word “show” means performance, but “competition” is about competing against other participates. Well, nowadays, any kinds of competition to be broadcast in television have included elements of both entertainment and contest. To see the participant competing, you are undoubtedly watching a “competition”. But to see how the famous singers teach and evaluate the participants; how they argue when scoring the performance; or to see the singers showing off their singing skills, then it is a kind of “show”.There has been a long discussion about whether music competition should be broadcast via television as an entertainment, how to ensure the fairness of the contest as it is to entertain the audience, and doubt on commodification of music culture because of gaining revenue from advertisement. However, it is true that this kind of TV programmes have attracted many people to try to get into music industry by joining the contest. Those who participated in the shows turned their roles as producer (i.e. to perform the songs).
In the following, some famous TV singing shows such as the Voice (e.g. U.S. series) and other talent shows such as the series of Got Talent will be used to illustrate how TV singing shows succeed in creating demand in music industry. Further discussion like analyzing the forces of globalization, shifting of business practice, impacts on consumerism will also be demonstrated.
Background - Global business practice of music industry
Forms of music - history
Before the invention of computer system and satellite television, songs are stored inside long-playing records and cassette tapes. “Then, when personal computers for consumer market became sophisticated enough to read and write CDs...online data transfer became commonplace” (Breznitz, D., 2013) People can download songs and music video by online sharing freely. Listening to music became convenient; music files can be stored inside mp3 and even mobile phones. To fight against piracy, legal online music platforms such iTunes and Spotify had been released in order to raise public awareness of intellectual property.
Behavior and habit
Many factors drive the process of globalization; one of them is technological change (Yücel P., 2010). Since information technology has become a part of our life, many people prefer listening music by playing songs in computer or watching YouTube videos. “Today, music is not only an art but also an extremely important industry in the global economy” (Pennisi E., 2013) To cater to the people’s habit, record labels such as Sony BMG, EMI, Universal and Warner Bros cooperate with iTunes to sell and promote their products (i.e. songs and artists). They also release music videos on YouTube and people can share them by click on the logos of social networking services like Facebook and twitter. By using the internet, people can listen to music of different cultures, for example, people in Hong Kong can search for the music videos of Japanese artists on YouTube. “Music has brought people and cultures together ...To many people and cultures, music is an important part of life—an art form that enhances life’s appeal.” (Pennisi E., 2013)
Demand-creating trends
To create demand means to make more people to buy your products. But what is the product of TV music show? Does it create a new market too? What else does it relate to? Let’s see what I have concluded about these questions:
New products: Actually TV music show itself is a new product. People do not buy a TV show but watch it. To the audience, they are “buying” the time when the show is broadcasting and the further enjoyment brought by the show; to the broadcasting companies, they are “selling” their creativity and the advertisement of the sponsors; to the record labels that cooperate with that show, they are promoting their image to attract more attention. The by-product that exactly produced by the broadcasting companies and record labels is the soundtrack or the singles of the participants that sang in the shows.
New market: TV singing show provides new market for audience who want to enjoy watching and listening together; broadcasting companies find it as a new genre that may increase television rating and attract those who want to advertise during the show; record labels make it as a new way to promote and find musical talents.
New relationship between stakeholders: In the music industry, stakeholders do no only refer to those producers (i.e. record labels, singers, broadcasting companies) and audience who listening to music and watching singing show. People who want to be singer can join the show and that means they are not the audience that only stay and watch TV. They love singing and music so they participate in the show and the winners can change their roles from audience to music performers. To the record labels the participants changed from customers to representatives which can help promotion. Broadcasting companies are not only partners of the record labels, but used act as headhunting medium.
New norms: To those who want to be a singer, he/she can join the singing contest without making use of relationships or faces. They are really participating in the music industry, but not passively listen to what songs are playing. Moreover, TV music shows reflect that nowadays music became popular and important to daily life and so do the shows have been watch by many audiences.
New battlefields: TV music show itself is a battlefield for the participants who fight for the prize (i.e. contract with record labels). Broadcasting companies also fight for audience rating and advertisement with each other. Record labels fight for the talents who can represent and sing song for them/
Analysis - How & Why music companies choose new business practice
How?
Besides online music platform, TV programme is also a popular tool for people to enjoy music. Television broadcasting companies make use of their broadcasting system and catch up public needs for more entertainment; they release many talent shows and music contest. Meanwhile the record labels make use of the TV show to find musical talents. For example, in order to attract talents, winners of the Voice (U.S. TV series) can receive $100,000 prize and a recording contract. ('The Voice' Winner Lands Record Deal and $100,000 Prize. (2011)Why?
“As good as your business model may be today, it cannot and will not survive forever. Customer tastes will change, new technologies will replace old...you must constantly gather information on shifts...especially those that might affect the behavior of your primary customer.” (Simons, R. 2014,) This statement is true. Nowadays on one can deny the importance of digital system in promoting music worldwide. To maintain their business, record labels and artists can only follow the trend of popularization of digital music. On one hand, artists being judges in the show is also a kind of effective promotional measure, on the other hand the record labels can save time in finding new blood and save money on promotion after signing contract with new singers.
Global forces & International contexts
Analysis
Global forces: As mentioned in the previous slides, advancement in technology allowed music to be performed in digital formats; and satellite television means audience can watch TV programmes in different places. TV singing show is a product or measure of the record labels and broadcasting companies to promote and attract new talents from the public (audience).
International contexts: Communication and media have spread all over the world and people are becoming interconnected and interdependent. (“Identity and the Forces of Globalization” n.d.) Technology breaks down the geographical barrier between different cultures and thus music can be transferred to other places. Take Brazil and China, two emergent markets, as examples. Both of them had been regarded as a backward rural nation. But by implementing the reformation and the technology development, Brazilian and Chinese can also watch local and foreign TV programmes on TV or online video platform. For instance, I am singer, a Korean TV singing show, was imported to China and the Chinese version had been released. Other TV shows such as German and UK versions of Got Talent, Australian and Vietnamese versions of the Voice illustrate the global popularity and the success of TV singing shows worldwide.
Evaluation
To discuss further, let’s see how successful the TV singing show in China is. Because of participating in Chinese version I am singer season 2, GEM Tang, a famous singer in Hong Kong, became so popular in China. She gained the votes from the 500-plus studio audience and won the competition. “GEM's popularity has skyrocketed since appearing on the show. Her Internet fan page jumped from having 1.5 million followers to 8 million.” (Ng, G., 2014) this reflects the promotional influence brought by the show and this is what an artist need to survive. Meanwhile the scale of how many people support the artist is an index showing the popularity of the TV show. If there are only small group of people watching it, would GEM Tang become popular in China after participating the show? The answer is definitely “no”.
Paradigm Shifts
Definition
What is paradigm shift? It is a movement changed from old explanations that no longer suitable to explain current situation of one thing, “resulting in a redefinition of taken for granted boundaries due to the emergence of a new model or way of thinking, valuing and perceiving the world.” (Rosado, C., 1997) Then, what drivers of paradigm shifts are there in music industry that enabled the companies to create demand by broadcasting TV singing show?
Analysis - Drivers of paradigm shifts
Advancement in technology:
As mentioned above, technology have been improved so much that online data transfer is convenient and quick throughout the world. “Music Industry could be a prime candidate for a restructuring of business processes in the digital, networked environment” (Wallis R., 2001) Physical materials like long-playing records and cassette tapes are regarded as old-fashioned and people prefer to listening to digital music. Although this led to the problem of illegal downloading and piracy, many online music platforms such as iTunes of Apple, Spotify, kkbox and YouTube had been released as a legal and legitimate business for people to enjoy music. Television is also a medium to play the songs and music. People can just switch on the TV and watch music videos with their family and friends.
With the computer system, people get closer both in real world and on the internet world. Geography distance is not an obstacle of communication as social network can solve it; language is not a problem as people from other countries are willing to translate and share, such as lyrics of songs; time differences is not an obstruction to watch the foreign TV programme as satellite television system can help. The whole music industry is becoming more and more digital and technological, because people cannot return to the time when there were only phonographs which did not allow a large group of people to listen to.
Music industry revenues sources:
The online music downloading service, no matter legal or illegal, had affect the selling of physical CDs. Most of the people who buy CDs are always said to be big fans of that artist, or the songs are not popular that he/she cannot even find the digital file on the internet, or they have the habit of collection. To those record labels, they have to find a new way to earn money besides selling CDs. When the idea of intellectual property right became popular, the record labels shifted to rely on intangible revenue. As early as 2000, Electric and Musical Industries (EMI, long before purchased by Sony, one of the five record labels in music industry) generated revenue by publishing activities, such as exploiting or trading the property rights. It accounted for 17% of the EMI groups’ turnover, but no less than 47% of net revenue. (Wallis R., 2001)
In this sense, trading property rights became a common business among the record labels. The broadcasting companies cooperate with the record labels and operate TV music shows after paying money for the property rights. Thus the record labels can earn money and promote via television at the same time, this also help to stimulate the development of TV music shows.
Roles of stakeholders:
Besides downloading, computer users can also upload the music files on the internet and share with other users worldwide. This encourages them to release their own performance of the songs and attract attention from both the public and record labels.
“The digital revolution in music… is having profound effects on all participants in the music business, from the songwriter and recording artist through to the ultimate consumer”. (Throsby, D., 2002) As mentioned above, stakeholders of music industry include record labels, broadcasting companies, audience and common people who want to be a singer. They do not need to sign contract before they sing, they can just record their singing, and click the buttons of upload and share, things done. Fans appear if you really sang well and they will help share the songs/video via social network. Online advertisement will sponsor them and make advertisement on the margin of the webpage. Then these “online celebrity” is actually doing what traditionally the singers did in the old time (at least before data transfer was well found).That means a music consumer can also be the competitor of the record labels and singers.
Evaluation
Case 1
Some people may doubt about the effectiveness of TV music shows whether they can earn money and attract people attention on music. To answer their question, please look how successful the Voice (U.S. version) is.
the Voice is a reality TV singing show, the U.S. version is broadcasting on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). In the recent episode broadcast on December 1st, the host announced that the Voice had reached a major milestone by hitting the 20 million mark for iTunes downloads. There are some points that show the success of the Voice, according to Billboard, the Voice stands as TV’s No. 1 reality series, averaging 13.9 million viewers each episode (Nielsen); the show hit 10 million downloads in May 2013 which are tallied by iTunes; sales figures for The Voice have allowed tracks from the show to appear on the iTunes and Billboard charts. (Parker E., 2014)
With the support of online music platform, audiences are able to download the songs sung by the participants. The record of 20 million is undoubtedly powerful evidence showing that the Voice is successfully attracting people to buy the products (i.e. singles)
Case 2
Maybe someone is concerning what has the TV singing show brought to the participants. Are they famous now? Did they earn money and support? Let’s look at the second example, Susan Magdalane Boyle, an old lady who became a famous singer after finished a second-place in the talent show Britain's Got Talent 3rd season.
Britain’s Got Talent is the British version of Got Talent series, a television talent show, which welcome people of any age with some sort of talent to audition. Although it is not a singing show, people can show off their singing skills and many participants, just like Susan Magdalane Boyle, have done that.
Susan was 47 years old when she participated in the show in 2008. She had been diagnosed as having learning difficulties, but her brilliant singing skills had moved both the judges and the audience to vote for her as the runner-up of that season. The video of her performance of Les Miserables' song "I Dreamed a Dream" had been watched by more than 10 million viewers in YouTube. She became a singer under The Priory in Southgate, North London in June 2009, and released her debut album "I Dreamed a Dream" on November worldwide. The studio project sold more than 410,000 copies across Britain in the first week, making it the fastest-selling album and became the largest first-week sales for a debut album in Britain’s chart history. Her popularity did not limit in Britain, but also America. Her album opened with more than 701,000 copies, became the best-opening week for any album in Billboard Hot 200 and beating Eminem's fastest-selling record. (“Susan Boyle Biography”)
Susan became famous was undoubtedly because of Britain’s Got Talent. Her success is a reminder that no matter how old you are, TV shows can help you become famous around the world.
Conclusion
“The challenge of developing innovative technology is finding and supporting an equally sophisticated, lifelong learning audience that can embrace and keep pace with every new innovation and change.” (“A Paradigm Shift”) As shown in the above two cases, no one can deny the truth of TV singing show has enabled music industry to create demand. The selling of singles and the hit rate of the YouTube videos tell you how many people are interested in enjoying the show.
Consumerism & Identity
Definition
Consumerism is the idea which happiness of a person depends on the level of personal consumption, particularly on the purchase of material goods. It is not simply that depends on a standard of living, but is consumption and material possessions. (Wright, E. O. & J. Rogers, 2011)
Impacts on consumerism
In music industry, nowadays consumption of music does not limit on buying physical CDs, listening to digitalized music or songs and watching music videos are also ways to enjoy music. In the case of watching TV singing show, the programme itself is not a material because it is broadcasted as scenario that people cannot touch, smell or use. Music, music video and TV singing shows are the combination of sounds, voice and scenes. Compare to the traditional way of playing music, people could not store their songs or save favorite music videos inside their mobile or computer in order to listen or watch when taking transport.
People consume music in digital format and watching TV music shows at their leisure. The show is entertainment which can listen to other people performing different version of songs and watching how the participants compete with each other. In this sense, TV music shows affect people thinking towards music—it combines the music and the element of entertainment.
Identity
“Television is crucial in the process of developing a global identity, because it provides exposure to people, events, and information from all over the world.” (Arnett, J. J., 2002) The biggest difference of the identity in music industry caused by TV singing show is that people who enjoy music are not only fans of particular singer, but are people of present generations. Younger generation, or even the old one, will not use the CD-player and play CD loudly in transport or public area. Because it will be considered as rude and stupid.
TV music show tells music lovers all over the world that music has become a “world language” among them. Music is not only an art used in ritual, but an entertainment in daily life. Music should not be an expensive consumption which requires people to buy physical CDs or watch concert. Those musical talents who are not rich or do not have connection with record labels to launch recording career, they can aspire their hope by joining the reality TV singing show. (Howell, S., 2013) To most of the people, watching TV singing shows is to support music development. It is because the people who are competing in the show help spreading music over space. Those who became famous because of the show, is a model for others who are still driving for their dreams to be singer.
Reference
"A Paradigm Shift: the Information Age Requires Active Learning -Personalized Learning Can Help Individuals Use the Power of Their Emotions!". Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.trainingplace.com/paradigm.pdf
Arnett, J. J. (2002). "The Psychology of Globalization." American Psychologist 57(10): 774.
Breznitz, D. (2013). The third globalization: Can wealthy nations stay rich in the twenty-first century? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Howell, S. (2013). Singing for success: Tips and trends for developing professional divas. Baltimore, Md.: Publish America.
‘Identity and the Forces of Globalization” (n.d.) Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.plrs.ca/eteacher_download/648/16891
Ng, G. (2014, March 25). Hong Kong singer GEM finds stardom a double-edged sword. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.thestar.com.my/Lifestyle/Entertainment/Music/News/2014/03/25/Hong-Kong-singer-GEM-finds-stardom-a-double-edged-sword/
Parker, E. (2014, December 2). ‘The Voice’ Marks 20 Million Singles Sold. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.musicrow.com/2014/12/the-voice-marks-20-million-singles-sold/
Pennisi, E. (2013, February 13). Globalization of the Media Industry Part 3 - The Global Music Industry. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/1444/ge-blog-series--globalization-of-the-media-industry-part-3---the-global-music-industry
Rosado, C. (1997, March 7). Paradigm Shifts and Stages for Societal Change: A Descriptive Model. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.rosado.net/pdf/Paradigms.pdf
Simons, R. (2014, March 1). Choosing The Right Customer - The First Step in a Winning Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 49-55.
“Susan Boyle Biography” (n.d.) Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.aceshowbiz.com/celebrity/susan_boyle/biography.html
'The Voice' Winner Lands Record Deal and $100,000 Prize. (2011, June 29). Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2011/06/29/voice-winner-lands-record-deal-and-100000-prize/
Throsby, D. (2002), The Music Industry in the New Millennium: Global and Local Perspective, Paris: Division of Arts and Cultural Enterprise, UNESCO.
Wallis R. (2001) Business as usual or a real paradigm shift? The music industry's response to e-commerce technology and ideology, E-work and E-commerce; Vol. 2. - Amsterdam : IOS Press [u.a.], ISBN: 1586032054. - p. 998-1004
Wright, E. O. and J. Rogers (2011). American Society: How it Really Works, W.W.Norton & Company.
Yücel, R. (2010). Globalization of Markets, Marketing Ethics and Social Responsibility, Globalization - Today, Tomorrow, Kent Deng (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-192-3, In Tech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/globalization--today--tomorrow/globalization-markets-and-business-eth-cs-and-social-responsibility
With the computer system, people get closer both in real world and on the internet world. Geography distance is not an obstacle of communication as social network can solve it; language is not a problem as people from other countries are willing to translate and share, such as lyrics of songs; time differences is not an obstruction to watch the foreign TV programme as satellite television system can help. The whole music industry is becoming more and more digital and technological, because people cannot return to the time when there were only phonographs which did not allow a large group of people to listen to.
Music industry revenues sources:
In this sense, trading property rights became a common business among the record labels. The broadcasting companies cooperate with the record labels and operate TV music shows after paying money for the property rights. Thus the record labels can earn money and promote via television at the same time, this also help to stimulate the development of TV music shows.
Roles of stakeholders:
Besides downloading, computer users can also upload the music files on the internet and share with other users worldwide. This encourages them to release their own performance of the songs and attract attention from both the public and record labels.
“The digital revolution in music… is having profound effects on all participants in the music business, from the songwriter and recording artist through to the ultimate consumer”. (Throsby, D., 2002) As mentioned above, stakeholders of music industry include record labels, broadcasting companies, audience and common people who want to be a singer. They do not need to sign contract before they sing, they can just record their singing, and click the buttons of upload and share, things done. Fans appear if you really sang well and they will help share the songs/video via social network. Online advertisement will sponsor them and make advertisement on the margin of the webpage. Then these “online celebrity” is actually doing what traditionally the singers did in the old time (at least before data transfer was well found).That means a music consumer can also be the competitor of the record labels and singers.
Evaluation
Case 1
Some people may doubt about the effectiveness of TV music shows whether they can earn money and attract people attention on music. To answer their question, please look how successful the Voice (U.S. version) is.
the Voice is a reality TV singing show, the U.S. version is broadcasting on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). In the recent episode broadcast on December 1st, the host announced that the Voice had reached a major milestone by hitting the 20 million mark for iTunes downloads. There are some points that show the success of the Voice, according to Billboard, the Voice stands as TV’s No. 1 reality series, averaging 13.9 million viewers each episode (Nielsen); the show hit 10 million downloads in May 2013 which are tallied by iTunes; sales figures for The Voice have allowed tracks from the show to appear on the iTunes and Billboard charts. (Parker E., 2014)
With the support of online music platform, audiences are able to download the songs sung by the participants. The record of 20 million is undoubtedly powerful evidence showing that the Voice is successfully attracting people to buy the products (i.e. singles)
Case 2
Maybe someone is concerning what has the TV singing show brought to the participants. Are they famous now? Did they earn money and support? Let’s look at the second example, Susan Magdalane Boyle, an old lady who became a famous singer after finished a second-place in the talent show Britain's Got Talent 3rd season.
Britain’s Got Talent is the British version of Got Talent series, a television talent show, which welcome people of any age with some sort of talent to audition. Although it is not a singing show, people can show off their singing skills and many participants, just like Susan Magdalane Boyle, have done that.
Susan was 47 years old when she participated in the show in 2008. She had been diagnosed as having learning difficulties, but her brilliant singing skills had moved both the judges and the audience to vote for her as the runner-up of that season. The video of her performance of Les Miserables' song "I Dreamed a Dream" had been watched by more than 10 million viewers in YouTube. She became a singer under The Priory in Southgate, North London in June 2009, and released her debut album "I Dreamed a Dream" on November worldwide. The studio project sold more than 410,000 copies across Britain in the first week, making it the fastest-selling album and became the largest first-week sales for a debut album in Britain’s chart history. Her popularity did not limit in Britain, but also America. Her album opened with more than 701,000 copies, became the best-opening week for any album in Billboard Hot 200 and beating Eminem's fastest-selling record. (“Susan Boyle Biography”)
Susan became famous was undoubtedly because of Britain’s Got Talent. Her success is a reminder that no matter how old you are, TV shows can help you become famous around the world.
Conclusion
“The challenge of developing innovative technology is finding and supporting an equally sophisticated, lifelong learning audience that can embrace and keep pace with every new innovation and change.” (“A Paradigm Shift”) As shown in the above two cases, no one can deny the truth of TV singing show has enabled music industry to create demand. The selling of singles and the hit rate of the YouTube videos tell you how many people are interested in enjoying the show.
Consumerism & Identity
Definition
Consumerism is the idea which happiness of a person depends on the level of personal consumption, particularly on the purchase of material goods. It is not simply that depends on a standard of living, but is consumption and material possessions. (Wright, E. O. & J. Rogers, 2011)
Impacts on consumerism
In music industry, nowadays consumption of music does not limit on buying physical CDs, listening to digitalized music or songs and watching music videos are also ways to enjoy music. In the case of watching TV singing show, the programme itself is not a material because it is broadcasted as scenario that people cannot touch, smell or use. Music, music video and TV singing shows are the combination of sounds, voice and scenes. Compare to the traditional way of playing music, people could not store their songs or save favorite music videos inside their mobile or computer in order to listen or watch when taking transport.
People consume music in digital format and watching TV music shows at their leisure. The show is entertainment which can listen to other people performing different version of songs and watching how the participants compete with each other. In this sense, TV music shows affect people thinking towards music—it combines the music and the element of entertainment.
Identity
“Television is crucial in the process of developing a global identity, because it provides exposure to people, events, and information from all over the world.” (Arnett, J. J., 2002) The biggest difference of the identity in music industry caused by TV singing show is that people who enjoy music are not only fans of particular singer, but are people of present generations. Younger generation, or even the old one, will not use the CD-player and play CD loudly in transport or public area. Because it will be considered as rude and stupid.
TV music show tells music lovers all over the world that music has become a “world language” among them. Music is not only an art used in ritual, but an entertainment in daily life. Music should not be an expensive consumption which requires people to buy physical CDs or watch concert. Those musical talents who are not rich or do not have connection with record labels to launch recording career, they can aspire their hope by joining the reality TV singing show. (Howell, S., 2013) To most of the people, watching TV singing shows is to support music development. It is because the people who are competing in the show help spreading music over space. Those who became famous because of the show, is a model for others who are still driving for their dreams to be singer.
Reference
"A Paradigm Shift: the Information Age Requires Active Learning -Personalized Learning Can Help Individuals Use the Power of Their Emotions!". Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.trainingplace.com/paradigm.pdf
Arnett, J. J. (2002). "The Psychology of Globalization." American Psychologist 57(10): 774.
Breznitz, D. (2013). The third globalization: Can wealthy nations stay rich in the twenty-first century? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Howell, S. (2013). Singing for success: Tips and trends for developing professional divas. Baltimore, Md.: Publish America.
‘Identity and the Forces of Globalization” (n.d.) Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.plrs.ca/eteacher_download/648/16891
Ng, G. (2014, March 25). Hong Kong singer GEM finds stardom a double-edged sword. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.thestar.com.my/Lifestyle/Entertainment/Music/News/2014/03/25/Hong-Kong-singer-GEM-finds-stardom-a-double-edged-sword/
Parker, E. (2014, December 2). ‘The Voice’ Marks 20 Million Singles Sold. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.musicrow.com/2014/12/the-voice-marks-20-million-singles-sold/
Pennisi, E. (2013, February 13). Globalization of the Media Industry Part 3 - The Global Music Industry. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/1444/ge-blog-series--globalization-of-the-media-industry-part-3---the-global-music-industry
Rosado, C. (1997, March 7). Paradigm Shifts and Stages for Societal Change: A Descriptive Model. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://www.rosado.net/pdf/Paradigms.pdf
Simons, R. (2014, March 1). Choosing The Right Customer - The First Step in a Winning Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 49-55.
“Susan Boyle Biography” (n.d.) Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.aceshowbiz.com/celebrity/susan_boyle/biography.html
'The Voice' Winner Lands Record Deal and $100,000 Prize. (2011, June 29). Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2011/06/29/voice-winner-lands-record-deal-and-100000-prize/
Throsby, D. (2002), The Music Industry in the New Millennium: Global and Local Perspective, Paris: Division of Arts and Cultural Enterprise, UNESCO.
Wallis R. (2001) Business as usual or a real paradigm shift? The music industry's response to e-commerce technology and ideology, E-work and E-commerce; Vol. 2. - Amsterdam : IOS Press [u.a.], ISBN: 1586032054. - p. 998-1004
Wright, E. O. and J. Rogers (2011). American Society: How it Really Works, W.W.Norton & Company.
Yücel, R. (2010). Globalization of Markets, Marketing Ethics and Social Responsibility, Globalization - Today, Tomorrow, Kent Deng (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-192-3, In Tech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/globalization--today--tomorrow/globalization-markets-and-business-eth-cs-and-social-responsibility
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